Names and identifying details of every student here are changed, as they are everywhere on the blog.
Vlada came to a trial lesson with two years behind her and a streak she was proud of. She read the warm-up paragraph without stumbling. Then I asked what she had done over the weekend, and she stopped on the fourth word.
Two years of apps and she still could not order coffee
She is thirty-one and lives outside San Jose. They all start the same way, she said. Alphabet, hello, my name is. Then it gets to the part where the words change and nobody explains why. The part where the words change is the whole language.Two years of daily practice had taken her through the one part every tool does well.
Thirty-three letters went down cold in two weeks. That part felt easy, she said, and she still remembered the day the last of them stopped needing a pause. That is what happens to almost anybody who sits down with the alphabet. Finite, visual, gradable, and exactly the shape an app is built for.
Then the words start moving
Every noun, adjective, and pronoun changes shape depending on the job it is doing in the sentence, which gives you six shapes to track with no English habit to hang any of them on and no way to avoid them in even the shortest useful sentence.
Vlada could recite the endings. I know all of them, she said, and she did, in the way that anybody does who has been tested on them a few hundred times in a format where the correct answer is one of four visible options and the wrong three are wrong in obvious ways. In the trial lesson she produced maybe one in four correctly, which is what happens when a rule has been memorized and never once chosen under pressure. Her details are changed, as they are everywhere on the blog. Underneath sits something with no English equivalent. Most verbs come in pairs, and picking between them is not about when a thing happened but whether you present it as finished. Advanced learners still get it wrong. And then stress, which almost nobody lists and which decides how you sound. It moves between forms of one word, goes unmarked in writing, and lets you read a page aloud beautifully while staying incomprehensible in a shop.Four demands. Every tool handles the first one, and after that they diverge sharply.
What each of them actually does about it
My own assessment from teaching rather than a summary of advertised features.| Cyrillic | Cases | Aspect | Stress | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duolingo | Genuinely good | Drilled, not explained | Barely present | Not addressed |
| Babbel | Good | Explained clearly | Not reached at this level | Not addressed |
| AI chatbot | Not its job | Explains endlessly on request | Explains well, tracks nothing | Can describe, cannot hear |
| Speech tools | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicable | Scores it, on read text only |
I read English beautifully and could not speak it
For years in Russia I read English aloud well enough that people assumed I spoke it. Textbook sentences, printed rhythm, every stress where I expected it.
Then a question came to me from the floor at a conference. My English came apart, and not for want of words. I knew every word. What I couldn’t do was put them into the right shape, because the shape had always been sitting on the page in front of me, printed there by somebody else, and the first time nobody printed it I found I had never learned it.
Reading aloud is a rehearsal with the answers printed on the script.
Russian does this to English speakers in the same way and worse, since our stress moves between forms of a single word and is not marked. A learner reading окно and окна off a screen has been handed both answers. The same learner in a shop has been handed neither, which is why I could read it fine at home is the most common sentence in a first lesson. It is the single thing our conversation school spends most time on, and the one nobody signs up for. Nobody said anything in two years, she told me later. Nothing in the process was built to. Every paragraph she read to a scoring app came with the stress already decided by whoever set the text.The question I ask instead
How many hours a week does anybody hear you. Not read you, not score you, but hear you and be in a position to say that a Russian would not have put it that way.
What Vlada does now
She did not need better apps. She needed somebody to hear her.
I’m not giving up the streak, she told me, and I said nobody had asked her to. She kept the apps. The streak was doing no harm, she liked it, and I’ve never seen the point of removing the one part of this that somebody enjoys. What she added took four minutes a day. Thirty seconds of herself talking, put through any dictation tool. Then she compares the transcript with what she meant to say.Third lesson, five adults
Vlada I read the paragraph out loud and the app gave me ninety-four.
Me Read me the same paragraph, then tell me about your weekend.
Vlada …the second one was much worse, wasn’t it.
The paragraph handed her the stress. The weekend did not.
Frequently asked questions
There is no single answer, and the useful question is which of Russian’s demands you are stuck on. Duolingo for the alphabet, Babbel for cases explained instead of drilled, a chatbot for aspect, and a person for stress.
For the alphabet and the first few hundred words, yes, and that is a real thing to be good at. Its Russian course was not part of the 2026 expansion to advanced content, so the ceiling has not moved.
For grammar, a general chatbot beats the purpose-built apps, provided you prompt it to track your errors. For speaking, no current tool judges unscripted Russian reliably, which is covered in our piece on speech tools.
Longer than any app promises. What shortens it is spending time on the demand software cannot help with, rather than on the three it can.
Sources
- Cao, S., & Zhou, T. (2025). Exploring the efficacy of ChatGPT-based feedback compared with teacher feedback and self-feedback: Evidence from Chinese-English translation. SAGE Open, 15(3). doi.org
- Duolingo. (2026, April 22). Duolingo course content can take you to B2 proficiency. Retrieved September 8, 2026. blog.duolingo.com
Palme School: Russian for bilingual children · Conversation school · Free materials
Lily Rozberg has been teaching for sixteen years, first English in Russia and now Russian to bilingual children across the US and Canada. She writes for Palme School about heritage language, reading, and the things report cards do not measure.





